”Mali\u00fde\u201d adalgasyny\u0148 gelip \u00e7yky\u015fy barada birn\u00e4\u00e7e nukda\u00fdnazarlar bar. K\u00e4bir alymlar \u015fu adalga Itali\u00fdany\u0148 s\u00f6wdany alyp barmakda me\u015fhur \u015f\u00e4herlerinde (Genu\u00fda we Florensi\u00fda) \u00fd\u00fcze \u00e7ykdy di\u00fdip nygta\u00fdarlar, so\u0148ra bolsa, ol halkara gatna\u015fyklarynda pe\u00fddalanylyp ba\u015flandy we ilat bilen d\u00f6wleti\u0148 arasynda \u00fd\u00fcze \u00e7yk\u00fdan pul gatna\u015fyklary ulgamy bilen baglany\u015fykly d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnje h\u00f6km\u00fcnde \u00f6z be\u00fdanyny tapdy. Be\u00fdleki alymlar 1755-nji \u00fdylda \u201cRespublika barada alty kitap\u201d ylmy i\u015fini \u00e7ap eden fransuz alymy J.Boden \u015fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnj\u00e4ni adaty durmu\u015fa orna\u015fdyrdy di\u00fdip \u00f6z pikirlerini \u00fd\u00f6red\u00fd\u00e4rler.<\/p>\n
D\u00f6wleti\u0148 d\u00f6redilmegi \u00fdokary h\u00e4kimi\u00fdet h\u00f6km\u00fcnde d\u00f6wlet bilen \u00fczn\u00fcksiz \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00e7ilik gatna\u015fyklaryna gatna\u015f\u00fdan be\u00fdleki sub\u00fdektleri\u0148 arasynda \u00f6nd\u00fcrilen ykdysady naz-nygmatlary pa\u00fdlamak we ga\u00fdtadan pa\u00fdlamak bo\u00fdun\u00e7a takyk gatna\u015fyklaryny\u0148 kesgitlenilmegini \u015fertlendir\u00fd\u00e4r. Di\u00fdmek, \u015fu gatna\u015fyklar \u201cmali\u00fde\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnjesini takykla\u00fdarlar. \u201cMali\u00fde\u201d di\u00fdil\u00fd\u00e4n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnje latyn dilinde \u201cfinancia\u201d di\u00fdlip atlandyryl\u00fdar we nagt pul \u00fda-da girdeji manyny a\u0148lad\u00fdar. \u201cMali\u00fde\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnjesi t\u00fcrkmen diline, megerem, pul-haryt gatna\u015fyklaryny\u0148 degerli derejede \u00f6smedik we natural hasapla\u015fyklary\u0148 h\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u00fcren \u015fertlerinde orta asyrlar d\u00f6wr\u00fcnde m\u00e4k\u00e4m orna\u015fdyryldy di\u00fdlen \u00e7aklamalar bar. \u201cMali\u00fde\u201d adalgasy di\u0148e maldar\u00e7ylyk \u00f6n\u00fcmlerine (d\u00fc\u00fde, go\u00fdun, sygyr, e\u015fek we \u015f.m.) d\u00e4l-de, e\u00fdsem-de ekeran\u00e7ylygyny\u0148 \u00f6n\u00fcmlerine (bugda\u00fd, b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00e7, arpa, k\u00fcnji we \u015f.m.) \u00f6l\u00e7eg birligi h\u00f6km\u00fcnde pe\u00fddalanylanda \u00f6z a\u0148latmasyny tapypdyr. \u201cMali\u00fde\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnjesini\u0148 gelip \u00e7yky\u015fy baradaky has gi\u0148i\u015fle\u00fdin we syrly maglumatlary taryh ylmy h\u00e4zirki wagta \u00e7enli \u00f6z syrly sandyklarynda sakla\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
Natural gatna\u015fyklaryny\u0148 agdyklyk ed\u00fd\u00e4n jemgy\u00fdetlerinde ga\u00fdtadan pa\u00fdla\u00fdy\u015f prosesleri natural g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fli salgytlar we a\u00fdry-a\u00fdry \u015fahsy bor\u00e7lar berja\u00fd ed\u00fd\u00e4r-diler. Pul-haryt gatna\u015fyklaryny\u0148 \u00f6smegi ga\u00fdtadan pa\u00fdla\u00fdy\u015f gatna\u015fyklaryny\u0148 g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015flerini\u0148 \u00fc\u00fdtgemegine getirdi, olar, adat\u00e7a pul h\u00e4si\u00fdete e\u00fde boldy. \u00dd\u00f6ne onu\u0148 manysy d\u00fc\u00fdpg\u00f6ter \u00fc\u00fdtgemedi. \u015eol bir wagtda jemgy\u00fdetde d\u00f6redilen ykdysady naz-nygmatlary\u0148 islendik ga\u00fdtadan pa\u00fdla\u00fdy\u015f prosesini mali\u00fd\u00e4 degi\u015fli etmek, doly hakykata la\u00fdyk gelme\u00fd\u00e4r. Adat\u00e7a, \u201cmali\u00fd\u00e4ni\u0148\u201d h\u00e4zirki zaman d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnjesini d\u00f6wlet gaznasyny a\u00fdryba\u015fgalamak, d\u00f6wlet b\u00fdujetini\u0148 emele geli\u015fini\u0148 tapgyrlaryna degi\u015fli etmek bol\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
Mali\u00fd\u00e4ni\u0148 mazmunyny\u0148, mali\u00fde gatna\u015fyklary baradaky d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnj\u00e4ni\u0148 \u00fc\u00fdtg\u00e4p dur\u00fdandygyny bell\u00e4p ge\u00e7mek zerurdyr. XVII asyry\u0148 ahyryndan XX asyry\u0148 ahyryna \u00e7enli mali\u00fde ykdysady kategori\u00fdasyna ylmy gara\u00fdy\u015flary\u0148 \u00fc\u00fdtg\u00e4ndigi barada S.Witt\u00e4ni\u0148 ylmy i\u015finde tutumly we ja\u00fdla\u015fykly a\u00fddylyp ge\u00e7il\u00fd\u00e4r. \u201c… XVII asyry\u0148 ahyryndan \u201cmali\u00fde\u201d adalgasy di\u00fdlip d\u00f6wlet eml\u00e4gini\u0148 \u00e4hli jemine we umuman d\u00f6wlet hojalygyny\u0148 umumy \u00fdagda\u00fdyna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnilip ba\u015flanyldy. D\u00f6wleti\u0148 ygta\u00fdarynda bar bolan maddy seri\u015fdelerini\u0148 \u00e4hli jemi, \u00e7\u00fcnki onu\u0148 girdejileri, \u00e7ykdajylary we bergileri baradaky manyda \u201cmali\u00fde\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnjesi h\u00e4zirki wagta \u00e7enli hem \u015fe\u00fdle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnil\u00fd\u00e4r. \u015ee\u00fdlelikde, mali\u00fde baradaky ylmy has d\u00fcrs we anyk g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fde d\u00f6wleti\u0148 mali\u00fde isleglerini\u0148 has netijeli kanagatlandyrylmagy\u0148 usullary baradaky ylym h\u00f6km\u00fcnde kesgitlemek bol\u00fdar\u201d.<\/p>\n
Di\u00fdmek, mali\u00fde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnjesine ozaldan b\u00e4ri d\u00f6wleti\u0148 isleglerini kanagatlandyrmak maksady bilen pul gaznalaryny d\u00f6retmek we so\u0148ra olary pe\u00fddalanmak nukda\u00fdnazarda garalandygyny bell\u00e4p ge\u00e7mek h\u00f6kmanydyr. So\u0148ra \u015fu ykdysady kategori\u00fda \u201cjemagat mali\u00fdesi\u201d adalgasyna e\u00fde boldy we h\u00e4zirki wagtda \u015fu adalga d\u00f6wlet we \u00fderli mali\u00fde (\u00fderli \u00f6z-\u00f6z\u00fcni dolandyry\u015f edaralary\u0148 mali\u00fdesi) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnjelerini \u00f6z i\u00e7ine al\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
Abdykerim Muhanow, <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n T\u00fcrkmen d\u00f6wlet ykdysady\u00fdet we <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n dolandyry\u015f institutyny\u0148 uly mugallymy. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" ”Mali\u00fde\u201d adalgasyny\u0148 gelip \u00e7yky\u015fy barada birn\u00e4\u00e7e nukda\u00fdnazarlar bar. K\u00e4bir alymlar \u015fu adalga Itali\u00fdany\u0148 s\u00f6wdany alyp barmakda me\u015fhur \u015f\u00e4herlerinde (Genu\u00fda we Florensi\u00fda) \u00fd\u00fcze \u00e7ykdy di\u00fdip nygta\u00fdarlar, so\u0148ra bolsa, ol halkara gatna\u015fyklarynda pe\u00fddalanylyp ba\u015flandy we ilat bilen d\u00f6wleti\u0148 arasynda \u00fd\u00fcze \u00e7yk\u00fdan pul gatna\u015fyklary ulgamy bilen baglany\u015fykly d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnje h\u00f6km\u00fcnde \u00f6z be\u00fdanyny tapdy. Be\u00fdleki alymlar 1755-nji \u00fdylda \u201cRespublika barada […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":13050,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13049"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13049"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13049\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13051,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13049\/revisions\/13051"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13050"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13049"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13049"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13049"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}