Toprak\u2013bu tebigy-taryhy beden (madda) bolup, \u00fderi\u0148 \u00fcstki hasyl ber\u00fd\u00e4n gatlagy. Ol da\u00fdhany\u0148 \u00f6zle\u015fdir\u00fd\u00e4n me\u00fddan gi\u0148i\u015fligini emele getir\u00fd\u00e4r. \u00ddagny, toprak \u00f6rt\u00fcgi gerekli energi\u00fdany, \u00e7yglylygy we \u00fdokumly maddalary topla\u00fdan, \u00f6s\u00fcmlik bedenini\u0148 \u00fda\u015fa\u00fd\u015fyny we k\u00f6peli\u015fini \u00fcpj\u00fcn ed\u00fd\u00e4n \u00fczn\u00fcksiz, k\u00f6psanly ilkinji toprak emele gelmeleri\u0148 k\u00f6pd\u00fcz\u00fcmli we \u00e7yl\u015fyrymly azyk ulgamydyr di\u00fdip belli rus alymy W.A. Kowda belle\u00fd\u00e4r. Onu\u0148 orta\u00e7a galy\u0148lygy 18-20 sm (1,45-2,0 m \u00e7enli) hasaplan\u00fdar we esasy b\u00f6legini \u00e7\u00fc\u00fdr\u00fcntgi (gumus) d\u00fcz\u00fd\u00e4r.
\nToprak biosferany\u0148 \u00fcstki \u00f6rt\u00fcgi bolup, ol janly-jandarlary\u0148 \u00fda\u015fa\u00fd\u015fyny\u0148 netijesinde emele gelen hasylly gatlakdyr. \u00ddagny, 1 g toprakda 2 mln \u00e7enli ma\u00fddajyk toprak d\u00f6rediji janly-jandarlar du\u015f gel\u00fd\u00e4r. Russi\u00fdany\u0148 gara toprakly 1gektar me\u00fddanynda 4 tonna \u00e7enli janly-jandarlary\u0148 \u00fda\u015fa\u00fdandygy anyklandy. \u015ee\u00fdlelikde, toprak b\u00fctin adamzat jemgy\u00fdetini\u0148 \u00fda\u015fa\u00fd\u015fyny\u0148 eklen\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fmesidir.
\nD\u00fcn\u00fd\u00e4de \u00dder togalagyny\u0148 4\/1-den b\u00f6legini gury \u00fder tut\u00fdar. Gury \u00fderi\u0148 45% pe\u00fddasyzdyr: olary\u0148 hataryna, hasylly topragy \u00fdeterlik bolmadyk, m\u00fcd\u00fcmilik buzluklary\u0148 a\u015fagynda \u00fdatan \u00fderler (Antraktida, Kanada, Grenlandi\u00fda), \u015forluklar, be\u00fdik dag ger\u015fleri, \u00fcst\u00fcnde hi\u00e7 zat bitme\u00fd\u00e4n daglyklar (a\u00fdy\u0148 \u00fcstki \u015fekili \u00fdaly\u2013lunny\u00fd land\u015faft), ulanyp bolma\u00fdan gi\u0148i\u015flikler gir\u00fd\u00e4r.
\n\u00dder togalagyny\u0148 28%-ni tut\u00fdan toka\u00fdlyklar arassa howany\u0148 \u00e7e\u015fmesidir. Onu\u0148 me\u00fddany d\u00fcn\u00fd\u00e4 m\u00f6\u00e7berinde \u00fdyl geldigi\u00e7e azal\u00fdar. 60 \u00fdyl mundan ozal toka\u00fdlary\u0148 me\u00fddany \u00fder togalagyny\u0148 40 % – ni tutupdyr. H\u00e4zirki d\u00f6w\u00fcrde g\u00fcr toka\u00fdlyklar di\u0148e ekwatorda \u00fderle\u015f\u00fd\u00e4n \u00fdurtlarda (Brazili\u00fdada, Orta \u00fder de\u0148zi hem-de Russi\u00fdany\u0148 Sibir gi\u0148i\u015fliginde) saklanyp galypdyr (3-nji surat).<\/p>\n
10 %
\nEkeran\u00e7ylyk \u00fc\u00e7in
\n(s\u00fcr\u00fcmli) \u00fderler<\/p>\n
17 %
\n\u00c7emenlikler 45 %
\n(\u00f6ri me\u00fddanlary) Oba hojalygy \u00fc\u00e7in
\npe\u00fddasyz \u00fderler<\/p>\n
28 %
\nToka\u00fdlyklar<\/p>\n
3-nji surat. Sa\u00fd\u00fdary\u0148 \u2013 \u00fder togalagyny\u0148
\noba hojalyk me\u00fddanlary.
\nToka\u00fdlyklary goramak, olary\u0148 \u00e7apyl\u00fdan \u00fderlerinde \u00fdene-de toka\u00fd aga\u00e7laryny ekmek d\u00fcn\u00fd\u00e4ni\u0148 esasy talabydyr.
\n\u00dder togalagyny\u0148 17% – ni \u00e7emenlikler – \u00f6ri me\u00fddanlary tut\u00fdar (3-nji surat). Bu gi\u0148i\u015flikde adamzat \u00fc\u00e7in belok i\u00fdmitleri \u00f6n\u00fd\u00e4r, \u015fol seb\u00e4pden olary goramak \u00f6r\u00e4n zerurdyr. \u015ee\u00fdle-de, ol \u00fderlerde \u00f6s\u00fd\u00e4n z\u00e4herli \u00f6s\u00fcmlikleri we mallary\u0148 t\u00fc\u00fd \u00f6rt\u00fcgine \u00fdapy\u015f\u00fdan, bedenlerine s\u00fcm\u00fclip gir\u00fd\u00e4n ha\u015fal otlary \u00fdok etmek wajyp \u00e7\u00e4releri\u0148 biri hasaplanyl\u00fdar. \u015eonu\u0148 \u00fc\u00e7in h\u00e4zirki d\u00f6w\u00fcrde \u00f6ri me\u00fddanlarynda \u00f6s\u00fd\u00e4n we mallary\u0148 gowy \u2013 \u015f\u00fcwl\u00fcmli i\u00fd\u00fd\u00e4n otlaryny\u0148 tohumlary \u00fdygnal\u00fdar, olary ygally \u00fdyllarda ekmek i\u015fleri gurak klimatly \u00fderlerde gi\u0148den amala a\u015fyryl\u00fdar.
\n\u015ee\u00fdlelikde, \u00fder togalagyny\u0148 ekeran\u00e7ylyk \u00fc\u00e7in ulanyp boljak \u00fderleri\u0148 bary-\u00fdogy 10 %- dir (3-nji surat).
\nT\u00fcrkmenistany\u0148 ha\u00fdbatly \u00f6k\u00fcze me\u0148z\u00e4p duran gi\u0148i\u015flik me\u00fddany 49,4 mln. gektar. (3-nji maglumatnama). H\u00e4zirki d\u00f6w\u00fcrde suwarymly ekeran\u00e7ylyk \u00fc\u00e7in ulanyl\u00fdan hasylly toprakly \u00fderler 2,2 mln. gektardan gowyrakdyr.
\n\u201cT\u00fcrkmenistanda durmu\u015f-ykdysady \u00f6zgertmeleri\u0148 2010-njy \u00fdyla \u00e7enli Ba\u015f ugry\u201d milli Maksatnamasyna la\u00fdyklykda, 2010-njy \u00fdylda suwarymly \u00fderleri\u0148 me\u00fddany 3 mln gektara \u00fdeter. Topragy a\u00fdawly ulanyp \u00fderi\u0148 hasyllylygyny artdyrmagy\u0148 hasabyna 3 mln tonna pagta we bugda\u00fd (her ha\u00fdsy) \u00f6nd\u00fcriler.
\nUmuman, T\u00fcrkmenistany\u0148 17 mln. gektara \u00e7enli \u00fderi \u00f6zle\u015fdirm\u00e4ge m\u00fcmkin\u00e7iligi bar.
\n\u00d6ri me\u00fddanlary 37-38 mln. gektar gi\u0148i\u015fligi tut\u00fdar. Onu\u0148 k\u00f6p b\u00f6legi Garagum \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcnde \u00fderle\u015f\u00fd\u00e4r. Bu \u00fderde \u00f6ri me\u00fddany\u0148 bir go\u00fduna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fd\u00e4n m\u00f6\u00e7beri 7 ga \u00fda-da 1 s\u00fcr\u00fcni\u0148ki 7000 ga de\u0148dir. \u015eonu\u0148 \u00fc\u00e7in ilkinji nobatda z\u00e4herli, \u00fdapy\u015f\u00fdan, ili\u015f\u00fd\u00e4n, \u00e7\u00fcm\u00fd\u00e4n tohumly \u00f6s\u00fcmlikleri \u00fdok etmek, mallary\u0148 i\u015fd\u00e4men i\u00fd\u00fd\u00e4n otlaryny\u0148 tohumlaryny \u00fdygnap, olary ygally \u00fdyllarda ekmek, T\u00fcrkmen k\u00f6l\u00fcni\u0148 gurlu\u015fygyny tizle\u015fdirmek, \u00f6ri me\u00fddanlary\u0148 hasyllylygyny\u0148 artmagyny gazanmak gerekdir. Bulary\u0148 hemmesi mallary\u0148 ba\u015f sanyny\u0148 k\u00f6pelmegini \u00fcpj\u00fcn eder.
\n\u00ddokardaky maglumatlary\u0148 seljermesi topragy\u0148 esasy ekologik a\u00fdratynlyklaryny anykla\u00fdar:
\n1. \u00dder togalagynda hasylly topragy\u0148 me\u00fddany az – \u00fdeterlik d\u00e4l.
\nHasylly topragy\u0148 emele gelmegi \u00fc\u00e7in \u00f6r\u00e4n k\u00f6p wagt gerek (1 sm galy\u0148lykdaky hasylly toprak \u00fc\u00e7in 100- 600 \u00fdyl, 20 sm galy\u0148lykdaky hasylly toprak \u00fc\u00e7in azyndan 7-8 m\u00fc\u0148 \u00fdyl).
\n2. Hasylly topragy boz\u00fdan, za\u00fdala\u00fdan, hapala\u00fdan t\u00e4sirler \u00f6r\u00e4n k\u00f6p:
\n– \u00fdel erozi\u00fdasy;
\n– suw erozi\u00fdasy;
\n– antropogen, senagat-industrial erozi\u00fda. Ol t\u00e4sir edijiler barada anyk maglumatlar \u00fd\u00f6r\u00fcte b\u00f6l\u00fcmde getiril\u00fd\u00e4r.
\nTopragy\u0148 gurplulygy di\u00fdip, oba hojalyk ekinlerini\u0148 hasyllylygyny \u00fcpj\u00fcn ed\u00fd\u00e4n topragy\u0148 h\u00e4si\u00fdetlerini\u0148 jemine a\u00fddyl\u00fd\u00e4r. Topragy\u0148 gurplulygy onu\u0148 i\u00fdmit, suw, howa, \u00fdylylyk, ulanyly\u015f we idedili\u015f \u00fdagda\u00fdlary bilen utga\u015fykdadyr.
\nTopragy\u0148 fiziki hem himiki d\u00fcz\u00fcmi uly \u00f6zgeri\u015fe e\u00fdedir. \u00c7\u00fcnki ol \u00fderde himiki maddalary\u0148 birle\u015fmeleri \u00e7\u00fc\u00fdr\u00fcntgi galyndylary bilen gaty\u015f\u00fdar we netijede topragy\u0148 hil h\u00e4si\u00fdetleri \u00f6zger\u00fd\u00e4r. \u015eonu\u0148 \u00fc\u00e7in-de, topragy\u0148 da\u015fky g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fi \u00fdakyn aralykda-da bir-birlerinden tapawutlanmagy m\u00fcmkindir. Bu alamaty da\u00fdhan hojalyklarynda topragy\u0148 hil \u00fdagda\u00fdyny kesgitlemekde pe\u00fddalanypdyrlar.
\nDi\u00fdarymyzy\u0148 \u00fder gi\u0148i\u015fliginde topragy\u0148 d\u00fcrli g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fleri du\u015f\u00fdar: mele toprak, \u00e7\u00e4ges\u00f6w toprak, to\u00fdunsow toprak, \u00e7emenlik, \u015for, kir\u015fenli-to\u00fdunsow we ba\u015fgalar. K\u00f6petdagy\u0148 e\u0148\u0148itlerini\u0148 a\u015faky b\u00f6leginde we dag etek gi\u0148i\u015fliklerinde \u00e7al toprak, \u00e7\u00e4geli \u00e7\u00f6ll\u00fck \u00fderde \u00e7\u00e4ges\u00f6w we der\u00fdany\u0148 irki akan we h\u00e4zirki ak\u00fdan hanalaryny\u0148 uzabo\u00fdunda – \u00e7emenlik topraklary gi\u0148 \u00fda\u00fdrandyr. Mysal \u00fc\u00e7in, mele topragy\u0148 \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fi tapawutlan\u00fdar. Onu\u0148 a\u00e7yk \u00e7al g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015finde \u00e7\u00fc\u00fdr\u00fcntgini\u0148 mukdary 1,0-1,5 %, adaty g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015finde1,5-2,0 we garamtyl mele g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015finde – 2,5 % – dir, \u015fe\u00fdle-de olary\u0148 d\u00fcz\u00fcmind\u00e4ki azody\u0148, fosfory\u0148, suwda \u00fde\u0148il ere\u00fd\u00e4n we ereme\u00fd\u00e4n duzlary\u0148 mukdary-da tapawutlan\u00fdar.
\nTopragy\u0148 gurplulygy \u00fderleri\u0148 melioratiw \u00fdagda\u00fdy, tebigy ta\u00fddan dilkawlygy, topragy\u0148 mehaniki-duz d\u00fcz\u00fcmi, \u00e7yglylygy, toprak-gum suwlaryny\u0148 mineralla\u015fmagy, hasyllylygy we be\u00fdleki g\u00f6rkezijileri esasynda kesgitlen\u00fd\u00e4r (2-nji tablisa). Mysal \u00fc\u00e7in, \u00fdurdumyzy\u0148 \u00fder goruny\u0148 40 % me\u00fddanyny gurplulygy \u00fdokary \u00fderler, 33 % – gurplulygy pes we 35 % – gurplulygy \u00f6r\u00e4n pes \u00fderler tut\u00fdandyr. Geljekde oba hojalyk ekeran\u00e7ylygyny\u0148 me\u00fddany \u015fol gurply \u00fder hasaplanyl\u00fdan, \u00fdagny \u00f6ri me\u00fddan \u00fderleri\u0148 hasabyna gi\u0148e1tmek me\u00fdille\u015fdiril\u00fd\u00e4r (17,7 mln. ga). \u015eonda ekeran\u00e7ylyk me\u00fddany\u0148 42,0 %-inde gowa\u00e7a, 49,0 %-inde bugda\u00fd we 5,0 %-inde ot-i\u00fdmlik \u00f6s\u00fcmlik ekinleri ekiler.
\nD\u00f6wlet derejesinde ileri tutul\u00fdan ekinleri\u0148 berk hasapda durmagy, \u00fderleri\u0148 hasyllylygyny durnukly \u00fdokarlandyrmagy talap ed\u00fd\u00e4r. Bu ga\u00fdrago\u00fdulmasyz i\u015fi\u0148 Gara\u015fsyzlyk \u00fdyllary i\u00e7inde suwarymly \u00fderleri\u0148 esasy b\u00f6legini\u0148 da\u00fdhan birle\u015fiklerini\u0148 k\u00e4rende\u00e7ilerine (1465,3 m\u00fc\u0148 ga), \u015fe\u00fdle-de di\u00fdarymyzy\u0148 ra\u00fdat1aryna hususy e\u00fde\u00e7ilige mugt berilmegi (249 m\u00fc\u0148 ga) netijesinde wajyplygy artdy.
\nEkeran\u00e7ylyk \u00fderlerinde topragy\u0148 hasyllylygyny durnukly \u00fdokarlandyrmak we \u00f6nd\u00fcril\u00fd\u00e4n \u00f6n\u00fcmi\u0148 hilini gowulandyrmak \u00fc\u00e7in \u00fder e\u00fdelerini\u0148 ekeran\u00e7ylyk i\u015flerini ylmy esasda alyp barmaklary gerekdir. Doly we dogry d\u00fcz\u00fclen ekin dolany\u015fygyny topragy\u0148 agrohimi\u00fda kartogrammasyndan pe\u00fddalanyp ge\u00e7irmek zerurdyr. \u00c7\u00fcnki, bu \u00e7\u00e4reler talaba la\u00fdyk ge\u00e7irilende, \u00fder e\u00fdeleri \u00fderleri\u0148 melioratiw \u00fdagda\u00fdyny durnukly gowula\u015fdyrarlar we ileri tutul\u00fd\u00e4n ekinlerden bol hasyly \u00f6sd\u00fcrip \u00fdeti\u015fdirerler.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkmen d\u00f6wlet binag\u00e4rlik-gurlu\u015fyk institutyny\u00f1 mugallymy Gurban Begaly\u00fdew\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Toprak\u2013bu tebigy-taryhy beden (madda) bolup, \u00fderi\u0148 \u00fcstki hasyl ber\u00fd\u00e4n gatlagy. Ol da\u00fdhany\u0148 \u00f6zle\u015fdir\u00fd\u00e4n me\u00fddan gi\u0148i\u015fligini emele getir\u00fd\u00e4r. \u00ddagny, toprak \u00f6rt\u00fcgi gerekli energi\u00fdany, \u00e7yglylygy we \u00fdokumly maddalary topla\u00fdan, \u00f6s\u00fcmlik bedenini\u0148 \u00fda\u015fa\u00fd\u015fyny we k\u00f6peli\u015fini \u00fcpj\u00fcn ed\u00fd\u00e4n \u00fczn\u00fcksiz, k\u00f6psanly ilkinji toprak emele gelmeleri\u0148 k\u00f6pd\u00fcz\u00fcmli we \u00e7yl\u015fyrymly azyk ulgamydyr di\u00fdip belli rus alymy W.A. Kowda belle\u00fd\u00e4r. Onu\u0148 orta\u00e7a galy\u0148lygy […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":17609,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17570"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17570"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17570\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22498,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17570\/revisions\/22498"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/17609"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17570"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17570"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17570"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}