Ykdasyady we mali\u00fde ulgamy bu g\u00fcnki g\u00fcn d\u00fcn\u00fd\u00e4 ykdysady\u00fdetinde
\n\u00f6z\u00fcni\u0148 t\u00e4sirli gadamlary bilen h\u00e4zirki zaman \u00f6s\u00fc\u015flerine \u00f6z tqsirini
\n\u00fdetirse-de ykdysady\u00fdeti\u0148 we \u00fdokary hilliligi\u0148 taryhy yzarlamalarynda \u00f6z
\nbarlygyny \u00fditirmedik k\u00e4bir zatlardan g\u00fcrr\u00fc\u0148 a\u00e7mak \u00fdetirli gyzyklydyr.
\n\u015eol seb\u00e4pli-de d\u00fcn\u00fd\u00e4 ykdysady bazarda \u00f6z ornuny tapan kagyz
\nmedeni\u00fdeti h\u00e4zirki g\u00fcn\u00fcmizde on\u00e7akly bir durmu\u015fy hajatlylygyny
\nsaklamasa-da kagyzlary\u0148 taryhyndna g\u00fcrr\u00fc\u0148 a\u00e7mak t\u00e4sirli bolsa gerek.
\nK\u00e4 bir zatlar adamzat taryhyndan \u00f6\u0148 hem bar \u00fdaly du\u00fdul\u00fdar, mysal
\n\u00fc\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6rek, \u00fda-da be\u00fdleki ynsan eli bilen d\u00f6redilen zatlary\u0148 i\u00e7inde
\ngalam, kof\u00fde, \u00fdene- \u00fdeneler. Kraft kagyzlary hem \u00ddewropany\u0148 i\u0148
\ntanymal \u00f6n\u00fcmleridini\u0148 biridir. G\u00fcn\u00fcmizde kraft kagyzlaryna \u00e4hli
\ntarapla\u00fdyn ge\u00e7mek meseleleri \u00f6\u0148e s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fd\u00e4rk\u00e4, di\u00fdmek onu\u0148 wajyplygy
\nhakynda s\u00f6z a\u00fddyp oturasy i\u015f \u00fdok.
\n\u201cKraft\u201d- di\u00fdmek g\u00fc\u00fd\u00e7 di\u00fdmegi a\u0148ladyp, kagyzy\u0148 asla hi\u00e7
\n\u00fdyrtylma\u00fdandygy bilen tapawutlanmasy tebigy \u00fdagda\u00fddyr.K\u00f6plen\u00e7
\n\u00fdagda\u00fdda gaplama maksady bilen \u00fdasal\u00fdar, \u00fdagny \u00f6nd\u00fcril\u00fd\u00e4r.1852-nji
\n\u00fdylda Amerikada \u00f6nd\u00fcrilendigini g\u00f6z \u00f6\u0148\u00fcne tutsa\u0148, onu\u0148 d\u00fcrli
\ng\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015flerini\u0148 bolmagy, aga\u00e7 gabyklaryndan hem- de onu\u0148 i\u00e7ki
\nk\u00f6r\u00fcginden ga\u00fdnadylyp \u00fdasalmagy gadymy d\u00f6w\u00fcrlerde \u00ddegiptde we
\n\u00ddewratda \u00fd\u00fcze \u00e7ykypdyr. 1856-njy \u00fdylda Welikobritani\u00fdada ol ba\u015fgap
\nh\u00f6km\u00fcnde ulanylypdyr.Aslynda kagyz \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00e7iligi hat \u00fdazmak \u00fda- da
\ngaplamak \u00fc\u00e7in ulanylsa hem ilkinji nobatda \u00fdazuw g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fleri \u00fc\u00e7in
\nulanyl\u00fdandygyny hat-da i\u0148 irki taryhlardan hem bellemek gerek. Bir
\nzatlary habar g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015finde ba\u015fga bir \u00fdere \u00fdetirmek, bir zatlary \u00fdazmak
\naslynda kagyz \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00e7iligi \u00fd\u00fcze \u00e7ykanso\u0148 has- da el\u00fdeterli boldy. Aslynda
\nderi , has ilkiler da\u015flary\u0148 \u00fd\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00fdazylan hatlary\u0148 bu g\u00fcnki g\u00fcne gelip
\n\u00fdetmeginde edilen i\u015fleri\u0148 k\u00e4mille\u015fmegi bolsa, has a\u00fddy\u0148 \u00fd\u00fcze \u00e7ykdy. Her
\nbir taryhy \u00e7e\u015fm\u00e4 salgylanylanda elbetde onu\u0148 a\u0148yrsynda \u015fol ha\u00fdsy
\nugurdan bolsa bolsun ykdysady geli\u015fmelere \u00fd\u00fcz tutmaly bol\u00fdar. Hut \u015fol
\nseb\u00e4pli-de ykdysady\u00fdeti\u0148 belent sepgitlerine \u00fdeten ekosistemany\u0148 hakyky
\nhowandary bolan bu g\u00fcnki g\u00fcrr\u00fc\u0148ini etm\u00e4ge, taryhyny \u00f6wrenm\u00e4ge
\nzerurlyk du\u00fd\u00fdan zatlarymyzy biz h\u00f6kman \u00f6wrenmelidiris. Munu\u0148 \u00f6zi
\nbizi\u0148 t\u00e4sirli \u00fda\u015famagymyzda we ykdyady\u00fdet bilen medeni\u00fdeti
\nbirle\u015fdirmegimizde uly i\u015fleri \u00f6\u0148e s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n
E\u00fdsem adamzat taryhy bilen bile \u015fu g\u00fcne gelen kagyzlar d\u00fcn\u00fd\u00e4si
\nn\u00e4mek\u00e4? Olary\u0148 zerurlygy ha\u00e7anda gerek bolanda \u00fd\u00fcze
\n\u00e7yka\u00fdmasa,\u015fe\u00fdle seredeni\u0148de bir \u00fderde duran durnukly bir predmet \u00fdaly.
\nK\u00e4 halatlarda olary\u0148 \u00fc\u00fd\u015f\u00fcp \u00fdatmasy seni biynjalyk edip, sen olary
\nzy\u0148asy\u0148 hem gel\u00fd\u00e4r.
\nPaty\u015falary\u0148, hanlary\u0148, arassa\u00e7yl admalary\u0148 hem-de zerurlyk bilen \u015ferti
\na\u00fdyl- sa\u00fdyl edip bil\u00fd\u00e4n adamalry\u0148 i\u00e7inde k\u00e4birlerini\u0148 kraft kagyzyna
\nber\u00fd\u00e4n \u00e4hmi\u00fdetleri n\u00e4meden ybarat di\u00fden soraga jogap bermek
\nm\u00fcmkin\u00e7iligini ulanyp bolar.E\u00fdsem kraft kagyzlary n\u00e4mek\u00e4? Olary\u0148
\nn\u00e4meligi hakynda a\u00fdtmak \u00fc\u00e7in kagyzy\u0148 ilkinji g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015flerine \u00fd\u00fczlenmek
\ngerek. E\u00fdsem kraft kagyzlaryny\u0148 g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fleri,. Ilkinji gezek ony kim o\u00fdlap
\ntapdy? Bu soraglary\u0148 \u00e4hlisine jogap bermek \u00fc\u00e7in go\u0148ur re\u0148kli , berk
\nkagyzlary g\u00f6z \u00f6\u0148\u00fcne getirmek m\u00fcmkin. Bu kagyzlary aga\u00e7lary\u0148
\ngabygyndna ga\u00fdnadyp \u00fdasa\u00fdarlar. Gofkartonlary\u0148 \u00fd\u00fcze \u00e7ykmagy bolsa,
\nh\u00e4zikri zaman usullary has \u00f6sen g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fde ulanylsa hem, iki sany
\nkagyzy\u0148 i\u00e7inde perpendikul\u00fdar g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015finde durmagy bilen kagyzy\u0148 hem-
\n\u00e4 \u00e7e\u00fdeligini gazanmaga hem- de berkligini \u00fcpj\u00fcn etm\u00e4ge m\u00fcmkin\u00e7ilik
\nd\u00f6red\u00fd\u00e4r. Kraft kagyzlary bolsa, ga\u00fdnadylyp alnan suwuklykdan
\n\u00fdasalany \u00fc\u00e7in berkligi bilen tapawutlanyp, \u015fu g\u00fcnki g\u00fcne \u00e7enli has
\ngi\u0148den \u00fda\u00fdrandyr.<\/p>\n
G\u00fclruh E\u015fanowa<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkmen D\u00f6wlet Mali\u00fde institutyny\u0148 Mali\u00fde fakultetini\u0148 Mali\u00fde
\ng\u00f6zeg\u00e7iligi ta\u00fd\u00fdarlyk ugruny\u0148 talyby<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ykdasyady we mali\u00fde ulgamy bu g\u00fcnki g\u00fcn d\u00fcn\u00fd\u00e4 ykdysady\u00fdetinde \u00f6z\u00fcni\u0148 t\u00e4sirli gadamlary bilen h\u00e4zirki zaman \u00f6s\u00fc\u015flerine \u00f6z tqsirini \u00fdetirse-de ykdysady\u00fdeti\u0148 we \u00fdokary hilliligi\u0148 taryhy yzarlamalarynda \u00f6z barlygyny \u00fditirmedik k\u00e4bir zatlardan g\u00fcrr\u00fc\u0148 a\u00e7mak \u00fdetirli gyzyklydyr. \u015eol seb\u00e4pli-de d\u00fcn\u00fd\u00e4 ykdysady bazarda \u00f6z ornuny tapan kagyz medeni\u00fdeti h\u00e4zirki g\u00fcn\u00fcmizde on\u00e7akly bir durmu\u015fy hajatlylygyny saklamasa-da kagyzlary\u0148 taryhyndna g\u00fcrr\u00fc\u0148 a\u00e7mak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":19370,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19369"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19369"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19369\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19371,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19369\/revisions\/19371"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/19370"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19369"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19369"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19369"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}