Tohumlary\u00f1 hiline baha berilmek.<\/p>\n
Be\u00fdleki \u00f6s\u00fcmlikler \u00fdaly tohum hem janly bedene degi\u015flidir. Tohumda yzygider \u00fda\u015fa\u00fd\u015fy\u00f1 hadysalary ge\u00e7ip dur\u00fd\u00e4r. Tohum dem al\u00fdar we onu\u00f1 \u00f6\u00fdj\u00fcklerinde madda \u00e7al\u015fygy bolup ge\u00e7\u00fd\u00e4r. Madda \u00e7al\u015fygy da\u015fky gur\u015fawy\u00f1 t\u00e4sirini a\u00f1satlyk bilen du\u00fd\u00fdar. \u00ddaramaz \u015fertler tohumy\u00f1 za\u00fdalanmagyna \u00fda-da onu\u00f1 \u00fda\u015fa\u00fdjylyk ukybyny\u00f1 peselmegine alyp bar\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
Tohum \u00fc\u00e7in amatly \u015fert d\u00f6redilen \u00fdagda\u00fdda, onu\u00f1 d\u00fcw\u00fcn\u00e7eginden ata-enesini\u00f1 h\u00e4si\u00fdetlerine we alamatlaryna me\u00f1ze\u015f bolan \u00f6s\u00fcmlik \u2013 \u00f6s\u00fcp \u00fdeti\u015f\u00fd\u00e4r, \u00fdagny tohum \u00e4hli \u00fda\u015fa\u00fdy\u015f, hojalyk we sortu\u00f1 h\u00e4si\u00fdetini g\u00f6terijidir. \u015eol seb\u00e4pden hem \u00fdokary hasyl almak tohuma bagly bolup dur\u00fdar. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fd\u00e4ki akyldarlarymyz \u201cN\u00e4me ekse\u00f1 \u015fony hem orarsy\u00f1\u201d di\u00fdip \u00fd\u00f6ne \u00fderden a\u00fdtmandyrlar.<\/p>\n
Ekinlerden \u00fdokary hasyl almak \u00fc\u00e7in gowy, \u00f6z wagtynda doly bi\u015fip \u00fdeti\u015fen, iri, ambarlarda gowy \u015fertlerde saklanan we eki\u015fe doly ta\u00fd\u00fdarlanan tohum gerekdir. Tohum mehaniki we biologiki garyndylardan arassa bolmaly, g\u00f6gerijiligi hiline g\u00f6r\u00e4 \u00fdokary ekilende ekijileri\u0148 tohum ge\u00e7irijilerinden o\u0148at p\u00e4sgel\u00e7iliksiz ge\u00e7irilmelidir. Bular \u00fdaly ta\u00fd\u00fdarlanylan tohumlara \u00fdokary hilli tohum di\u00fdip baha beril\u00fd\u00e4r.<\/p>\n
Tohumlara bolan talaplar. Eki\u015fe \u00fdaramly tohumlar<\/p>\n
Gowa\u00e7any\u00f1 ekil\u00fd\u00e4n tohumlaryna D\u00f6wlet standartyny\u00f1 \u00fd\u00f6rite talaplary bar. Eger-de D\u00f6wlet standartyny\u00f1 talaplaryny kanagatlandyr\u00fdan tohuma eki\u015fe \u00fdaramly tohum di\u00fdil\u00fd\u00e4r. D\u00f6wlet standartyny\u00f1 talapyny \u00f6deme\u00fd\u00e4n tohumlary ekmek bolma\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
GOST 5895-75-i\u00f1 gowa\u00e7any\u00f1 tohumyny\u00f1 hiline bolan talaplary: g\u00f6gerijiligine, \u00e7yglylygyna, sortlylygyna (\u00fdagny ba\u015fga sortlar bilen garylan bolmaly d\u00e4l), mehaniki za\u00fdalany\u015fyna, t\u00fc\u00fdjilikligine, \u00e7igidi\u00f1 arasyndaky ha\u015fal otlary\u00f1 tohumyna we m\u00f6r-m\u00f6jeklere bolan talaplary \u00f6z i\u00e7ine al\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
Tohumy\u00f1 g\u00f6gerijiligi. Gowa\u00e7any\u00f1 ekil\u00fd\u00e4n tohumlaryny g\u00f6gerijiligine baglylykda \u00fc\u00e7 klasa b\u00f6l\u00fd\u00e4rler:<\/p>\n
1.Tohumlary\u00f1 g\u00f6gerijiligi 95-100% bolmaly;<\/p>\n
2.G\u00f6gerijiligi 90-95% bolmaly;<\/p>\n
3.G\u00f6gerijiligi 85-90% bolmaly. Tohumlary\u00f1 g\u00f6gerijiligi 85%-den az bolsa, ony ekmek maslahat berilme\u00fd\u00e4r.<\/p>\n
Tohumlary\u00f1 g\u00f6gerijiligi onu\u00f1 doly bi\u015fenligine, \u00e7yglylygyna we doklygyna bagly bolup dur\u00fdar. Eger-de gowa\u00e7any sowuk urmazdan ozal tohumy \u00fdygnalsa, onda onu\u00f1 g\u00f6gerijiligi 85%-den \u00fdokary bol\u00fdar. Sowuk urandan so\u00f1ky a\u00e7ylan gozalardan alynan tohum bi\u015fip \u00fdeti\u015fme\u00fd\u00e4r, olary\u00f1 g\u00f6gerijiligi 85%-den a\u015fak bol\u00fdar. \u015eol seb\u00e4pli tohumlyk pagtany okt\u00fdabr a\u00fd\u00fdny\u0148 15-ne \u00e7enli isripsiz doly \u00fdygyp gutarmaly. Tohum \u00fc\u00e7in \u00fdygylan pagtalar gowa\u00e7any\u0148 ortaky \u015fahalaryndan el bilen \u00fd\u00fdgylmalydyr.<\/p>\n
Eger-de tohum doly bi\u015fen hem bolsa, \u00fd\u00f6ne onu\u00f1 gowr\u00fcmi ki\u00e7i bolsa, agramy hem \u00fde\u00f1il bolsa, onda bular \u00fdaly tohumy\u00f1 g\u00f6gerijiligi pes bol\u00fdar, \u00fdazy\u00f1 howasyny\u00f1 \u00fc\u00fdtg\u00e4p duranlygy zerarly kesel we m\u00f6rm\u00f6jege \u00e7ydamsyz bol\u00fdar. Eger-de tohum bi\u015fip \u00fd\u00f6ne goza gowy a\u00e7ylmadyk bolsa, ir \u00fdygylan bolsa, olary\u00f1 hem g\u00f6gerijiligi pes bol\u00fdar. Olar saklananda za\u00fdalan\u00fdar we \u00e7\u00fc\u00fdre\u00fd\u00e4r.<\/p>\n
Tohumy\u00f1 \u00e7yglylygy. Elde \u00fdygylan pagtany\u00f1 tohumlaryny\u00f1 \u00e7yglylygy 9%-den, ma\u015fyn bilen \u00fdygylan pagtany\u00f1 tohumlaryny\u00f1 \u00e7yglylygy 10%-den k\u00f6p bolmaly d\u00e4l. \u00c7yglylyk \u00fdokary bolsa tohumlarda dem aly\u015f hadysasy artyp onu\u00f1 g\u00f6gerijiligini\u00f1 peselmegine alyp bar\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
Sortu\u00f1 hiline bolan talaplar. Ekmek \u00fc\u00e7in sortu\u00f1 hili \u00fdokary bolmaly. Sortu\u00f1 hili kesgitlenende, \u015fol sorta mahsus bolan nesle ge\u00e7irijilik h\u00e4si\u00fdetleri we alamatlary bilen kesgitlenil\u00fd\u00e4r we g\u00f6terim hasabynda a\u00f1ladyl\u00fdar. Sortlulyk n\u00e4\u00e7e \u00fdokary bolsa \u015fon\u00e7a-da me\u00f1ze\u015flilik, birsydyrgynlyk \u00fdokary bol\u00fd\u00e4r.<\/p>\n
Sortu\u00f1 arassylygy: elita sa\u00fdlantgy tohumyny\u00f1ky 100%, birinji arkany\u00f1 A1 \u2013 99%, ikinji arkany\u00f1 \u2013 A2 \u2013 98%, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnji arkany\u00f1 \u2013 A3 \u2013 96% bolmaly.<\/p>\n
Sa\u00fdlama tohumlaryny\u00f1 arasynda be\u00fdleki sortlary\u00f1 tohumlary bolmaly d\u00e4l. Birinji arka degi\u015fli tohumlary\u00f1 arasynda be\u00fdleki sortu\u00f1 tohumlaryny\u00f1 1%-ekstrosistoli\u00fdalarda gola\u00fdy, ikinji arkada \u2013 2% we \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnji arkada \u2013 4% ekstrosistoli\u00fdalarda \u00e7enli rugsat beril\u00fd\u00e4r.<\/p>\n
Sortlulygy bolsa oba hojalyk Ministrligini\u00f1 i\u015fg\u00e4rleri me\u00fddan aprobasi\u00fdasy ge\u00e7irenlerinde kesgitle\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
Tohumy\u00f1 mehaniki za\u00fdalan\u015fyna bolan talaplar. Endigan g\u00f6geri\u015f almaklyk, dok we za\u00fdalanmadyk tohumlary\u00f1 sanyna bagly. K\u00f6p mukdarda za\u00fdalanan tohumlar ekilende se\u00fdrek g\u00f6geri\u015f alyn\u00fdar. Ha\u00e7an-da takyk ekijiler bilen ekilende g\u00e4mige bir sany mehaniki za\u00fdalanan tohum d\u00fc\u015fse, ol toprakda derrew \u00e7\u00fc\u00fdre\u00fd\u00e4r we gola\u00fdyndaky sagdyn tohumlary hem \u00e7\u00fc\u00fdred\u00fd\u00e4r, \u015fe\u00fdlelikde g\u00e4mikler d\u00fc\u00fdb\u00fcnden bo\u015f gal\u00fdar, g\u00f6geri\u015f se\u00fdrek bol\u00fdar. \u015eol seb\u00e4pli elde \u00fdygylan tohumlary\u00f1.mehaniki za\u00fdalan\u015fy 5%-den, ma\u015fyn \u00fdygymy\u00f1ky 7% k\u00f6p bolmaly d\u00e4l.<\/p>\n
\u00c7igidi\u00f1 da\u015fyndaky s\u00fc\u00fd\u00fcme bolan talaplar.<\/p>\n
Tohum arasalananda tohumy\u00f1 da\u015fyndaky t\u00fc\u00fdjagazlardan ba\u015fgada s\u00fc\u00fd\u00fcmler hem gal\u00fdar. Eger-de tohumy\u00f1 da\u015fynda s\u00fc\u00fd\u00fcm galan bolsa onda olar.bir-biri bilen \u00e7ola\u015fyp tokkalan\u00fdarda eki\u015fde ekijini\u00f1 tohum ge\u00e7iril\u00fd\u00e4n turbalary dakyl\u00fdar. Netijede se\u00fdrek g\u00f6geri\u015f alyn\u00fdar, k\u00e4 \u00fderlerde d\u00fc\u00fdb\u00fcnden tohum d\u00fc\u015fme\u00fd\u00e4r. D\u00f6wlet standarty bo\u00fd\u00fcn\u00e7a t\u00fc\u00fdj\u00fcmek \u00e7igitlerde, \u00e7igidi\u00f1 da\u015fynda galan s\u00fc\u00fd\u00fcm, \u00e7igidi\u00f1 agramyndan 0.8%- den, \u00fdala\u00f1a\u00e7 \u00e7igitlerde 0.4%-den k\u00f6p bolmaly d\u00e4l. \u00c7igitde ha\u015fal otlary\u00f1 tohumy we m\u00f6r-m\u00f6jekleri\u00f1 bolmagy rugsat edilme\u00fd\u00e4r.<\/p>\n
Tohumy\u00f1 eki\u015fe ta\u00fd\u00fdarlany\u015fy<\/p>\n
Tohumy\u00f1 eki\u015fe ta\u00fd\u00fdarlany\u015fy iki tapgyrda ge\u00e7iril\u00fd\u00e4r. Birinjisi, pagta k\u00e4rhanasynda, ikinjisi, hojalyklarda. Esasy i\u015fler bolsa pagta zwodlarda ge\u00e7iril\u00fd\u00e4r.<\/p>\n
Pagta k\u00e4rhanalarynda ilki bilen pagtany\u00f1 \u00e7igidini s\u00fc\u00fd\u00fcminden arassala\u00fdarlar ( d\u017einirowani\u00fde). So\u00f1ra \u00e7igidi\u00f1 da\u015fynda galan s\u00fc\u00fd\u00fcmi we k\u00e4bir t\u00fc\u00fdjagazlary a\u00fdyr\u00fdarlar (linterowani\u00fdem s\u00fct\u00fck). \u015eular \u00fdaly \u00fdagda\u00fdda iki hili tohumal\u00fdarlar: t\u00fc\u00fdj\u00fcmek\u2013orta s\u00fc\u00fd\u00fcmli gowa\u00e7any\u00f1 hemme sortlarynda di\u00fden \u00fdaly; \u00fdala\u00f1a\u00e7-in\u00e7e s\u00fc\u00fd\u00fcmli gowa\u00e7any\u00f1 sortlarynda. T\u00fc\u00fdj\u00fcmek \u00e7igitleri ESHB-4 guralyny\u00f1 k\u00f6megi bilen sortla\u00fdarlar hem-de m\u00f6r-m\u00f6jeklere we kesele gar\u015fy dermanlar bilen i\u015fl\u00e4p bejer\u00fd\u00e4rler. Ekilende \u00e7igitler tohum ge\u00e7irijide dykylman gowy \u00fdere d\u00fc\u015fen \u00fdaly \u00e7igidi\u00f1 da\u015fyny\u00f1 t\u00fc\u00fdjagazlaryny mehaniki we himiki \u00fdol bilen birneme a\u00fdyr\u00fdarlar. SOM-4 kysymly ma\u015fyny\u00f1 k\u00f6megi bilen mehaniki arassala\u00fdarlar. Himiki usul bilen bolsa k\u00fck\u00fcrt kislotasyny\u00f1 gow\u015fak ergininde arassala\u00fdarlar.<\/p>\n
\u00c7igidi\u00f1 da\u015fyndaky t\u00fc\u00fdjagazlar arassalandan so\u00f1ra sa\u00fdlama i\u015flerini ed\u00fd\u00e4rler. \u00ddagny iri, ownuk we orta tohumlary sa\u00fdla\u00fdarlar.<\/p>\n
Takyk ek\u00fd\u00e4n ekijilerde \u00fdala\u00f1a\u00e7 tohumlaryn ek\u00fd\u00e4rler, olary\u00f1 gyra de\u00f1ligi 94%-den az bolmaly d\u00e4l. Takyk ekijilerde ekil\u00fd\u00e4n tohumlary sa\u00fdlamak \u00fc\u00e7in silitrasi\u00fda duz erginine \u00fderle\u015fdir\u00fd\u00e4rler, erginde di\u00f1e \u00e7\u00fcmen tohumlary sa\u00fdlap al\u00fdarlar we olary gyzgyn howa bilen gurad\u00fdarlar. Pagta zawodlarda gury we \u00fdarym \u00f6l usullary bilen tohumlary dermanla\u00fdarlar. T\u00fc\u00fdj\u00fcmek tohumlary gury usul bilen dermenla\u00fdarlar. Wertisillioz we fuzarioz keselleri\u00f1 gar\u015fysyna fantiuram dermany bilen dermanla\u00fdarlar.<\/p>\n
Pagta k\u00e4rhanalarynda tohuma sertifikat ber\u00fd\u00e4rler, \u00fdagny tohuma h\u00e4si\u00fdetnama ber\u00fd\u00e4rler. Tohumy\u00f1 hili, klasy, sortlulygy we \u015f.m. T\u00f6humlar mata we kagyz haltalarda saklanmalydyr. Tohumlar gury we howasy \u00e7al\u015fyp durul\u00fd\u00e4n ambarlarda saklanmalydyr. Takyk ekiji bilen ekil\u00fd\u00e4n \u00fdala\u00f1a\u00e7 tohumlary dermanlamak we \u00e7yglandyrmak bolma\u00fdar, seb\u00e4bi suw fungizid pl\u00fdonkasyny eredip dezisinfirle\u00fdji h\u00e4si\u00fdetini \u00fditir\u00fd\u00e4r. Ondan ba\u015fga-da tohum suwy si\u00f1dirip \u00e7i\u015f\u00fd\u00e4r we onu\u00f1 g\u00f6wr\u00fcmi ulal\u00fdar, takyk ekmek \u00fc\u00e7in \u00fdaramsyz bol\u00fdar. Takyk ekiji enjam bolsa belli bir ululykda sanalgy tohum ta\u015fla\u00fdar. T\u00fc\u00fdj\u00fcmek tohumlary\u00f1 \u00e7i\u015fmegini we \u015finelemegini \u00e7altla\u015fdyrmak \u00fc\u00e7in eki\u015fi\u00f1 \u00f6\u00f1 \u00fdanynda suwda ej\u00fd\u00e4rler. \u00c7igit suwy sorandan so\u00f1ra \u00e7i\u015fip d\u00fcw\u00fcn\u00e7ek o\u00fdan\u00fdar we \u00f6sm\u00e4ge ba\u015fla\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
\u00c7igidi ezmek \u00fc\u00e7in asfaltlanan me\u00fddan\u00e7ada 20-30 sm galy\u00f1lykda, 1-1.5 m inlilikde d\u00f6kmeli, \u00fd\u00f6ne iki sany i\u015f\u00e7i biri-birini\u00f1 gar\u015fysynda durup aga\u00e7dan \u00fdasalan pil bilen gary\u015fdyryp durar \u00fdaly bolmaly. \u00c7igidi ezip gary\u015fdyryp bolandan so\u00f1 bir \u00fdere \u00fc\u00fd\u015f\u00fcrmeli 50-70 sm galy\u00f1lykda, her tonna \u00e7igit 400-800 metr suwy si\u00f1dir\u00fd\u00e4n\u00e7a 3-4 sagatdan ga\u00fdtalap durmaly.<\/p>\n
Eki\u015fi\u00f1 \u00f6\u00f1 \u00fdanynda k\u00f6k \u00e7\u00fc\u00fdreme keseline we gemirji zy\u00fdanke\u015fleri\u00f1 \u00fdagny, gy\u015fky sowkany\u00f1 gar\u015fysyna ezilen \u00e7igitleri dermanla\u00fdarlar.<\/p>\n
\u00a0Re\u00fdimowa A\u00fdna <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0T\u00fcrkmenstany\u0148 Oba hojalyk ministrligini\u0148 Ylmy-barlag pagta\u00e7ylyk institutyny\u0148 ki\u00e7i ylmy i\u015fg\u00e4ri <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Tohumlary\u00f1 hiline baha berilmek. Be\u00fdleki \u00f6s\u00fcmlikler \u00fdaly tohum hem janly bedene degi\u015flidir. Tohumda yzygider \u00fda\u015fa\u00fd\u015fy\u00f1 hadysalary ge\u00e7ip dur\u00fd\u00e4r. Tohum dem al\u00fdar we onu\u00f1 \u00f6\u00fdj\u00fcklerinde madda \u00e7al\u015fygy bolup ge\u00e7\u00fd\u00e4r. Madda \u00e7al\u015fygy da\u015fky gur\u015fawy\u00f1 t\u00e4sirini a\u00f1satlyk bilen du\u00fd\u00fdar. \u00ddaramaz \u015fertler tohumy\u00f1 za\u00fdalanmagyna \u00fda-da onu\u00f1 \u00fda\u015fa\u00fdjylyk ukybyny\u00f1 peselmegine alyp bar\u00fdar. Tohum \u00fc\u00e7in amatly \u015fert d\u00f6redilen \u00fdagda\u00fdda, onu\u00f1 d\u00fcw\u00fcn\u00e7eginden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22870"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22870"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22870\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22871,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22870\/revisions\/22871"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22870"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22870"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}