Toprak \u2013 bu di\u0148e bir \u00fder \u00fd\u00fczi d\u00e4l. Ol janly barlyklary\u0148, da\u015flary\u0148 we howa \u015fertlerini\u0148 m\u00fc\u0148\u00fdyllyklary\u0148 dowamynda \u00f6zara t\u00e4sirini\u0148 netijesidir. Topragy\u0148 emele geli\u015fi (pedogenez) \u00f6r\u00e4n \u00e7yl\u015fyrymly, k\u00f6p faktorly we a\u00fdratyn bir ylym (gr. pedon \u2013 toprak, genesis \u2013 gelip \u00e7yky\u015f) bolup dur\u00fdar.Toprak ilkinji ba\u015flangy\u00e7 material \u2013bolup hyzmat et\u00ff\u00e0r.Munu\u0148 \u00fc\u00e7in millionlar\u00e7a \u00fdyl gerek bol\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
\u200bFiziki dargama bu,Temperatura \u00fc\u00fdtgemeleri: G\u00fcndiz da\u015flary\u0148 gyzmagy (gi\u0148elmegi) we gije sowamagy (\u00fdygrylmagy) netijesinde da\u015flarda ownuk ja\u00fdryk\u00e7alar emele gel\u00fd\u00e4r. Suwu\u0148 da\u015flary\u0148 ja\u00fdryklaryna girip, do\u0148anda g\u00f6wr\u00fcmini ulaltmagy (1:11 gatna\u015fygynda) netijesinde da\u015flar dargap, ownuk b\u00f6leklere \u00f6wr\u00fcl\u00fd\u00e4r.\u00c7\u00e4ge d\u00e4nelerini\u0148 we da\u015f b\u00f6leklerini\u0148 bir-birine s\u00fc\u00fdkenmegi netijesinde has hem ownuklanmagy.<\/p>\n
\u200bHimiki dargama bu,Gidroliz we Oksidlenme: Suwu\u0148, kislorody\u0148 we uglekisly gazy\u0148 da\u015flary\u0148 d\u00fcz\u00fcmind\u00e4ki minerallar bilen reaksi\u00fda girmegi. Meselem, demir oksidlenip (paslanyp), toprakda gyzyl-sary re\u0148kleri d\u00f6red\u00fd\u00e4r.<\/p>\n
\u200bKarbonatla\u015fma: \u00ddagy\u015f suwuny\u0148 howadaky uglekisly gaz bilen birle\u015fip, gow\u015fak kislota d\u00f6retmegi we onu\u0148 hekli da\u015flary (kalsi\u00fd karbonat) eretmegi.<\/p>\n
\u200bBu dargama netijesinde, \u00fderi\u0148 \u00fcst\u00fcnde Regolit (esasy jynsy\u0148 dargan, gow\u015fak we ownuk b\u00f6leklerinden ybarat gatlak) emele gel\u00fd\u00e4r. Heniz bu toprak d\u00e4l, \u00fd\u00f6ne geljekki topragy\u0148 esasy (skeleti) bolup dur\u00fdar.Regolitde durmu\u015fy\u0148 ba\u015flamagy we onu\u0148 hakyky topraga \u00f6wr\u00fclmegi a\u015fakdaky b\u00e4\u015f esasy faktory\u0148 \u00f6zara t\u00e4siri bilen dowam ed\u00fd\u00e4r.Topragy\u0148 ilkiba\u015fdaky i\u00fdmitini we fiziki h\u00e4si\u00fdetlerini (dykyzlygyny, suw ge\u00e7irijiligini) kesgitle\u00fd\u00e4r. Meselem:<\/p>\n
\u200bBazalt \u00fdaly gara da\u015flardan emele gelen topraklar, k\u00f6plen\u00e7, mineral we i\u00fdmit maddalary (fosfor, kali\u00fd) ta\u00fddan has ba\u00fd bol\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
\u200bKwarssy\u0148 agdyklyk ed\u00fd\u00e4n \u00e7\u00e4ge da\u015flaryndan emele gelen topraklar bolsa qumlak bolup, suw we i\u00fdmit maddalary ta\u00fddan garyp bol\u00fdar.Bu, pedogenezi\u0148 i\u0148 esasy i\u015fje\u0148 faktorydyr.3. Janly Barlyklar (Organizmler)<\/p>\n
\u200bDurmu\u015f topraklary janlandyryp, hasylly ed\u00fd\u00e4r.K\u00f6kleri bilen da\u015flary dargad\u00fdar we i\u0148 esasy \u2013 \u00fdaprak, s\u00fct\u00fcn we k\u00f6k galyndylaryny go\u015f\u00fdar. Bu galyndylar mikroorganizmler tarapyndan darga\u00fdar we humus (gara re\u0148kli organiki madda) emele getir\u00fd\u00e4r. Humus topragy\u0148 suw saklamak ukybyny we hasyllylygyny kesgitle\u00fd\u00e4r.\u00dder so\u00fduljanlary we m\u00f6r-m\u00f6jekler topragy gary\u015fdyryp, howalandyryp we suwu\u0148 s\u00fcz\u00fclmegine k\u00f6mek edip, topragy\u0148 gurlu\u015fyny gowulandyr\u00fdarlar.Bakteri\u00fdalar, k\u00f6melekler we algy \u00fdaly barlyklar organiki maddany dargadyp, \u00f6s\u00fcmlikler \u00fc\u00e7in i\u00fdmit maddalaryny (meselem, azody) ta\u00fd\u00fdarla\u00fdarlar.<\/p>\n
Suw akymlaryny\u0148 we eroz\u00fdany\u0148 g\u00fc\u00fd\u00e7li bolmagy seb\u00e4pli toprak \u00e7alt \u00fduwul\u00fdar. Netijede toprak gatlagy in\u00e7e we \u00fda\u015f bol\u00fdar. Eroz\u00fda az bol\u00fdar, hatda da\u015fdan \u00fduwulyp gelen materiallar \u00fdygnan\u00fdar. Netijede toprak gatlagy \u00e7u\u0148 we \u00fdeti\u015fen bol\u00fdar.Gar\u015fylykly e\u0148\u0148itler k\u00f6legeli we \u00e7ygly bolany \u00fc\u00e7in has galy\u0148, \u00e7u\u0148 we gara toprakly bolup bilerler.<\/p>\n
\u200bToprak emele geli\u015fi \u00f6r\u00e4n ha\u00fdal we yzygiderli prosesdir.T\u00e4ze \u00fduwulyp gelen (al\u00fduwial) \u00fda-da gaty dik e\u0148\u0148itlerd\u00e4ki topraklar bolup, gaty az gatlak (gorizont) g\u00f6rkez\u00fd\u00e4rler. Uzak wagtda durnukly \u015fertlerde emele gelen topraklar. Olar a\u00fdratyn a\u00fddy\u0148 we \u00e7u\u0148 gatlaklardan ybaratdyr.Topragy dik keseni\u0148de g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fd\u00e4n gatlaklary\u0148 yzygiderli toplumyna Toprak Profili di\u00fdil\u00fd\u00e4r. Her gatlak belli bir pedogenetiki prosesi\u0148 netijesidir.<\/p>\n
Toprak, \u00dder \u015faryny\u0148 i\u0148 in\u00e7e, i\u0148 \u00fduwa\u015f emele gel\u00fd\u00e4n, \u00fd\u00f6ne i\u0148 m\u00f6h\u00fcm “derisidir”. Ol bizi\u0148 \u00fc\u00e7in suw sakla\u00fdjy, i\u00fdmit \u00fcpj\u00fcn ediji we ekologik ulgamy\u0148 esasy elementi bolup hyzmat ed\u00fd\u00e4r. \u015eonu\u0148 \u00fc\u00e7in, topragy\u0148 emele gel\u015fini bilmek, ony dogry dolandyrmak we gorap saklamak \u00fc\u00e7in a\u00fdratyn \u00e4hmi\u00fdetlidir.<\/p>\n
Allamyradow Maksat<\/strong><\/em> <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Toprak \u2013 bu di\u0148e bir \u00fder \u00fd\u00fczi d\u00e4l. Ol janly barlyklary\u0148, da\u015flary\u0148 we howa \u015fertlerini\u0148 m\u00fc\u0148\u00fdyllyklary\u0148 dowamynda \u00f6zara t\u00e4sirini\u0148 netijesidir. Topragy\u0148 emele geli\u015fi (pedogenez) \u00f6r\u00e4n \u00e7yl\u015fyrymly, k\u00f6p faktorly we a\u00fdratyn bir ylym (gr. pedon \u2013 toprak, genesis \u2013 gelip \u00e7yky\u015f) bolup dur\u00fdar.Toprak ilkinji ba\u015flangy\u00e7 material \u2013bolup hyzmat et\u00ff\u00e0r.Munu\u0148 \u00fc\u00e7in millionlar\u00e7a \u00fdyl gerek bol\u00fdar. \u200bFiziki dargama […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,10],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25829"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=25829"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25829\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25830,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25829\/revisions\/25830"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=25829"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=25829"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=25829"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nHalkara senagat\u00e7ylar we teleke\u00e7iler uniwersitetini\u0148 Dil \u00f6wreni\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmini\u0148 114-nji toparyny\u0148 talyby<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n