Zootehni\u00fda ylmyny\u0148 \u00f6s\u00fc\u015f taryhy \u00f6\u00fd ha\u00fdwanlaryny\u0148 eldekile\u015fdirilmeginden (domestikasi\u00fdasyndan) ba\u015flap, h\u00e4zirki zaman genetikasyna \u00e7enli uzalyp gid\u00fd\u00e4n k\u00f6p basgan\u00e7akly \u00fdoldur.<\/p>\n
A\u015fakda bu ylmy\u0148 esasy \u00f6s\u00fc\u015f basgan\u00e7aklary beril\u00fd\u00e4r:<\/p>\n
1. \ud83c\udf3e Ba\u015flangy\u00e7 d\u00f6w\u00fcr (Bizi\u0148 e\u00fd\u00fdamymyzdan \u00f6\u0148ki 10000 \u2013 6000 \u00fdyl ozal)<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6w\u00fcr Neolitik rewol\u00fdusi\u00fdasy bilen baglany\u015fykly.<\/p>\n
Eldekile\u015fdirme: Adamlar oturymly \u00fda\u015fa\u00fd\u015fa ge\u00e7ip, ilkinji gezek go\u00fdunlary, ge\u00e7ileri, do\u0148uzlary we sygyrlary eldekile\u015fdirdiler.<\/p>\n
Ilkinji sa\u00fdlama: Zootehni\u00fda ylmy heniz \u00fdokdy, \u00fd\u00f6ne mallary\u0148 arasynda has \u00fduwa\u015f, tiz k\u00f6pel\u00fd\u00e4n we has k\u00f6p \u00f6n\u00fcm ber\u00fd\u00e4nlerini sa\u00fdlap saklamak arkaly amaly sa\u00fdlama ba\u015flandy. Bu, ha\u00fdwanlary\u0148 h\u00e4si\u00fdetlerini\u0148 \u00fc\u00fdtgemegine getiren ilkinji uly \u00e4dimdi.<\/p>\n
2. \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f Gadymy siwilizasi\u00fdalar d\u00f6wri<\/p>\n
(M\u00fcs\u00fcr, Mesopotami\u00fda, Rim)<\/p>\n
K\u00f6p\u00e7\u00fclikle\u00fdin saklamak: Mallary\u0148 uly s\u00fcr\u00fcleri pe\u00fdda boldy. Esasan hem atlar harby we ulag maksatlary \u00fc\u00e7in, sygyrlar bolsa ekin me\u00fddanlaryny s\u00fcr\u00fd\u00e4n esasy i\u015f g\u00fc\u00fdji h\u00f6km\u00fcnde m\u00f6h\u00fcm rol o\u00fdnady.<\/p>\n
Ilkinji \u00fdazgylar: Gadymy M\u00fcs\u00fcrde we Rimde mallary saklamagy\u0148, olary i\u00fdmitlendirmegi\u0148 we kesellerden goramagy\u0148 ilkinji d\u00fczg\u00fcnleri \u00fdazylyp ba\u015flandy. Mysal \u00fc\u00e7in, rimli alymlar Kato we Warron maldar\u00e7ylygy\u0148 ykdysady we amaly taraplaryny be\u00fdan etdiler.<\/p>\n
3. \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f Orta Asyr D\u00f6wri<\/p>\n
\u00d6s\u00fc\u015fi\u0148 ha\u00fdallamagy: Ylmy \u00f6s\u00fc\u015fler ha\u00fdallasa-da, \u00fderli \u015fertlere u\u00fdgunla\u015fan k\u00f6p sanly g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fler (porodalar) d\u00f6redi. Ha\u00fdwanlary\u0148 a\u00fdratynlyklaryny\u0148 (re\u0148ki, ululygy) \u00fc\u00fdtgemegi k\u00f6plen\u00e7 izol\u00fdasi\u00fda we tebigy sa\u00fdlama bilen baglydy.<\/p>\n
4. \ud83e\uddec Ylmy Zootehni\u00fdany\u0148 d\u00f6remegi (XVIII\u2013XIX asyrlar)<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6w\u00fcrde zootehni\u00fda a\u00fdratyn ylym h\u00f6km\u00fcnde emele geldi.<\/p>\n
Robert Bakewell (1725\u20131795 \u00fd.): Bu i\u0148lis fermeri zootehni\u00fdany\u0148 atasy hasaplanyl\u00fdar. Ol ilkinji bolup maksatly toparla\u00fdyn sa\u00fdlama (line-breeding) usulyny ulanyp, “New Leicester” go\u00fdun g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fini we gowy et ber\u00fd\u00e4n sygyr g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015flerini d\u00f6retdi. Ol mallary\u0148 da\u015fky sypatlaryna (eksteri\u00fderine) we \u00f6n\u00fcmliligine esaslan\u00fdan planly \u00f6sd\u00fcrip \u00fdeti\u015fdirmegi girizdi.<\/p>\n
Esasy d\u00fczg\u00fcnler: Mallary\u0148 g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015flerini d\u00f6retmekde we gowulandyrmakda nesil daragtyny\u0148 (pedigrini\u0148) we dogry hasaba almagy\u0148 \u00e4hmi\u00fdetine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndiler.<\/p>\n
5. \ud83d\udd2c XX Asyr: Genetika we tehnologi\u00fda<\/p>\n
Bu d\u00f6w\u00fcr zootehni\u00fdany\u0148 i\u0148 \u00e7alt we d\u00fc\u00fdpli \u00f6s\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6wri boldy.<\/p>\n
Mendeli\u0148 kanunlaryny\u0148 ulanylmagy: Gregor Mendeli\u0148 genetika kanunlaryny\u0148 ga\u00fdtadan a\u00e7ylmagy, mallary\u0148 h\u00e4si\u00fdetlerini\u0148 miras ge\u00e7i\u015fini ylmy ta\u00fddan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndirm\u00e4ge m\u00fcmkin\u00e7ilik berdi.<\/p>\n
Popul\u00fdasi\u00fda genetikasy: Ronald Fi\u015fer, Sewall Wright we J.B.S. Haldane \u00fdaly alymlar toparlarda (popul\u00fdasi\u00fdalarda) genleri\u0148 \u00fda\u00fdra\u00fd\u015fyny \u00f6wrenip, h\u00e4zirki zaman sa\u00fdlama nazary\u00fdetini\u0148 esasyny go\u00fddular.<\/p>\n
Emeli tohumlandyrma (ET): Bu usul XX asyry\u0148 ortalaryndan ba\u015flap, i\u0148 gowy erkek mallary\u0148 genlerini b\u00fctin d\u00fcn\u00fd\u00e4de \u00fda\u00fdratmaga, we g\u00f6rn\u00fc\u015fleri\u0148 gowulandyrylmagyny g\u00fc\u00fd\u00e7lendirm\u00e4ge m\u00fcmkin\u00e7ilik berdi.<\/p>\n
I\u00fdmitlendirme ylmy: Mallary\u0148 i\u00fdmit si\u0148diri\u015fini \u00f6wrenmek we balan\u015firlenen rasionlary d\u00f6retmek \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00e7iligi has \u00fdokarlandyrdy.<\/p>\n
6. \ud83d\udcbb H\u00e4zirki Zaman (XXI Asyr)<\/p>\n
Genom sa\u00fdlamasy (Genomic Selection): Bu, mallary\u0148 DNK-syny barlamak arkaly, olary\u0148 geljekd\u00e4ki \u00f6n\u00fcmlilik potensialyny \u00fda\u015f wagtynda (dogulmazdan \u00f6\u0148 hem) anyklamaga m\u00fcmkin\u00e7ilik ber\u00fd\u00e4n i\u0148 t\u00e4ze usuldyr. Bu, sa\u00fdlamany\u0148 tizligini we takyklygyny ep-esli \u00fdokarlandyr\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
Biotehnologi\u00fda: Embrion g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrmek we Klonirleme (cloning) \u00fdaly usullar has gowy genleri\u0148 \u00fda\u00fdramagyny \u00e7altlandyr\u00fdar.<\/p>\n
Durnuklylyk: H\u00e4zirki zaman zootehni\u00fdasy ekologi\u00fda ta\u00fddan durnuklylyga (meselem, metan gazy \u00e7ykaryly\u015fyny azaltmak) we mallary\u0148 \u00fda\u015fa\u00fdy\u015f \u015fertlerini\u0148 gowulanmagyna (welfere) uly \u00fcns ber\u00fd\u00e4r.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 Arslan GUWANJOW<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0 S.A.Ny\u00fdazow adyndaky T\u00fcrkmen oba hojalyk uniwersitetini\u0148 Weterinar lukman\u00e7ylygy fakultetini\u0148 Zootehni\u00fda ta\u00fd\u00fdarlyk ugruny\u0148 2-nji \u00fdyl talyby\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Zootehni\u00fda ylmyny\u0148 \u00f6s\u00fc\u015f taryhy \u00f6\u00fd ha\u00fdwanlaryny\u0148 eldekile\u015fdirilmeginden (domestikasi\u00fdasyndan) ba\u015flap, h\u00e4zirki zaman genetikasyna \u00e7enli uzalyp gid\u00fd\u00e4n k\u00f6p basgan\u00e7akly \u00fdoldur. A\u015fakda bu ylmy\u0148 esasy \u00f6s\u00fc\u015f basgan\u00e7aklary beril\u00fd\u00e4r: 1. \ud83c\udf3e Ba\u015flangy\u00e7 d\u00f6w\u00fcr (Bizi\u0148 e\u00fd\u00fdamymyzdan \u00f6\u0148ki 10000 \u2013 6000 \u00fdyl ozal) Bu d\u00f6w\u00fcr Neolitik rewol\u00fdusi\u00fdasy bilen baglany\u015fykly. Eldekile\u015fdirme: Adamlar oturymly \u00fda\u015fa\u00fd\u015fa ge\u00e7ip, ilkinji gezek go\u00fdunlary, ge\u00e7ileri, do\u0148uzlary we sygyrlary […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,10],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26600"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=26600"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26600\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26602,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26600\/revisions\/26602"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=26600"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=26600"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newsashgabat.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=26600"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}